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專家輔導(dǎo)英語六級(jí)語法之虛擬語氣(2)

2013-12-19

名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣

第一節(jié):賓語從句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虛擬語氣

一、在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

在動(dòng)詞wish后的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣,常省去賓語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that。

一)、對(duì)現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬(與現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反):

從句用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式(時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的)。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:賓語從句的謂語be和were(was),實(shí)義動(dòng)詞用過去式。例:

1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 動(dòng)詞過去式knew)我希望知道這個(gè)答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道)

2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能)

3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鳥。(事實(shí)上不可能)

4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家)

5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞understood)

現(xiàn)在他在中國,他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂)

6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不和我們?cè)谝黄穑?/p>

二)、對(duì)過去情況的虛擬(和過去的事實(shí)相反):

用wish表示對(duì)過去事情的遺憾。其句子結(jié)構(gòu)為:賓語從句的謂語用過去完成時(shí),或would, could, might+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例:

1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I hadn't wasted so much time.

我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了)

2. He wishes he hadn't lost the chance.

他真希望沒有失去機(jī)會(huì)。(其實(shí)已失去)

3. We wished he had spoken to us.

(wished,had + spoken)(事實(shí)上他并沒同我們講)

4. I wish you had called earlier.

(wish, had + called)(事實(shí)上已遲了)

5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner.

(will wish,had + listened)(事實(shí)上并不如此)

例題分析:I wish I ______ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.

A. could have slept   B. slept  C. might have slept   D. have slept

動(dòng)詞wish后面接從句,表達(dá)不可能實(shí)現(xiàn)或與事實(shí)相反的情況時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣,即用過去式(表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)或過去完成式(表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)。本題后半句謂語動(dòng)詞have用的是過去時(shí)had

to get up and come, 所以前面要用過去完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。所以, 選項(xiàng)A)could have slept是答案

三)、對(duì)將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望):

從句動(dòng)詞"would/should/could/might + 動(dòng)詞原形"(時(shí)間上較后)(請(qǐng)注意:主句和從句的主語不相同)。用wish表示對(duì)將來事情的愿望。例:

1. I wish it would stop raining.(虛擬動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞原形stop)

我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢)

2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)

我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢)

3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive)

你希望她第二天會(huì)到。(事實(shí)上她還沒到)

4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change)

我希望她會(huì)改變主意。(呵呵,女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)

5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join)

(只是希望我們和他在一起,實(shí)際上還沒在一起)

四)、注意:

1.如果將wish改為過去式wished, 其后that 從句中的動(dòng)詞形式不變。例如:

I wished I hadn't spent so much money.

我要是那時(shí)沒有花掉那么多錢就好了。

2. 如果that 從句中用would , 一般表示對(duì)現(xiàn)狀不滿或希望未來有所改變或請(qǐng)求

I wish he would answer my letter.

I wish prices would come down.

在表示建議、命令、要求、忠告等動(dòng)詞的后面的賓語從句中的虛擬語氣

由于這些動(dòng)詞本身隱含說話者的主觀意見,認(rèn)為某事應(yīng)該或不應(yīng)該怎樣,這些詞語后面的“that”從句應(yīng)用虛擬語氣,且均以“should+動(dòng)詞原形”表示這種語氣,但事實(shí)上“should”常被省略,故此從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用原形,常用的此類動(dòng)詞有:

表示“要求”的:ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg

表示“提議、勸告、建議”的:move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote

表示“決定、命令”的:decide, order

表示“主張”的:maintain, urge

表示“同意、堅(jiān)持”的:consent, insist

例如:

1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.

2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.

3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(當(dāng)我建議他用刮胡膏時(shí),他說“剃刀和水就行了”。)

4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他費(fèi)了幾天功夫?qū)ふ依碚摳鶕?jù),直到我建議拆開看看它是如何轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的。)

5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我們建議學(xué)生應(yīng)在說英語的國家呆上兩三年。)

在表示命令、建議、要求等一類動(dòng)詞后面的從句中虛擬語氣很普遍,其結(jié)構(gòu)如:

order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +… (should) do

6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week.

7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there.

但注意:在insist 后的從句中, 如果是堅(jiān)持自己, 用陳述語氣, 堅(jiān)持別人做什么事情, 用虛擬語氣。

8.she insists that she is right.

9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.

或者說,suggest, insist不表示建議或堅(jiān)持要某人做某事時(shí),即它們用于其本意暗示、表明、堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為時(shí),賓語從句用陳述語氣。

10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.

判斷改錯(cuò):

(錯(cuò))11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill.

(對(duì))12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.

(錯(cuò))13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.

(對(duì))14. I insisted that you were wrong.

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