英語六級翻譯重點詳解之虛擬語氣

虛擬語氣：與事實相反的

一、 if從句： 即 主句……， if 從句……

1、倒裝代替if從句：Had\Were\Should ……，主句……

2、but for = without（如果不是）代替if從句， 兩個都是介詞

But for \without + 名詞 ，主句……

3、with + 名詞 ，主句 ……

4、if only + （if 從句） 要是……該多好

二、賓語從句：

1、I suggest（表示命令；建議；請求） that …… shoule +do……

（在虛擬語氣中，shoule have done = ought to have done,其他時候should 不等于ought to）

2、I wish that ……（用虛擬語氣）

三、主語從句：

1、it is +adj\n that + 虛擬

2、it is +done（表示建議、要求）that + 虛擬

四、目的狀語：

Lest或者for fear that + （虛擬語氣）should do

五、隱藏虛擬語氣：本打算做但結(jié)果沒有做的

1、had hoped\intended\planned\expected\wanted\meant to do

2、hoped to have done

3、be（was\were） + to have done

4、would\should like to have done

Would have done 表意愿、將來

Should have done 竟然做了、本應(yīng)該做的

Could have done 有能力做

Might have done 表示猜測

Need have done 本來需要做的卻沒有做

六、主從句時間不一致情況下的虛擬語氣

有時條件從句中的動作和結(jié)果與主句中的動作，發(fā)生的時間不一致，這時動作的形式應(yīng)根據(jù)它所表示的時間加以調(diào)整。如：

1. 從句表示過去，主句表示將來：

⑴、 If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

⑵、 If we hadn' t made adequate preparations, we shouldn' t dare to do the experiment next week。

2. 從句表示將來，主句表示過去：

⑴、 If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.

3.從句表示將來，主句表示現(xiàn)在：

⑴、 If we shouldn't have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.

4.從句表示過去，主句表示現(xiàn)在。

⑴、 If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.

⑵、 If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.

6.從句表示現(xiàn)在，主句表示過去

⑴、 If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去參加她的生日晚會了。 （從句說明現(xiàn)在，主句說明過去。 ）

7.從句表示過去，主句表示過去和現(xiàn)在

⑴、 If you hadn't lent me some money, I couldn't have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.

在不少情況下，虛擬式已變成習(xí)慣說法，很難找出其暗含的條件。

（1） You wouldn't know. 你不會知道。

（2） I would like to come. 我愿意來。

（3） I wouldn't have dreamed of it. 這是我做夢也不會想到的。

（4） He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他將那事講的非常仔細(xì)，簡直就象他親眼看見一樣。

條件從句中省略 if 采用倒裝語序的情況

在 if引導(dǎo)的表示虛擬的條件狀語從句中，有時可以把含有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞、 be或 have的虛擬條件句中的連詞 if 省去，而將 had , should, were 等詞提到主語之前，即用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

1）。 原句： If she were younger, she would do it.

去 If： Were she younger, she would do it. （把動詞 were移到主語 she的前面 ）

2）。 原句： If he had tried it, he could have done it.

去 If： Had he tried it, he could have done it.（把 had移到主語 he的前面 ）

3）。Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.

4）。Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.

5）。Were I in your place, I wouldn't do that.

6）。Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night.

假如我看了那部電影，昨晚我就可以和他們一起討論了。

7）。Were I a bird, I could fly freely.

假如我是一只小鳥，我就能自由翱翔。

8）。Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest.

要是下周能下雨的話，農(nóng)民們就能有個好收成了。

如果虛擬條件句中有 were, had或 should時，把它們放在 if的位置上 ;但是如果條件句中沒有 were, had或 should不能用倒裝。

⑴ Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do?　要是明天下雨的話，我們怎么辦呢 ?

⑵ Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的話，我就向他請教了。

⑶ Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能夠做此工作，他就會得到一些錢。

在 "開放式條件句 "和讓步狀語從句中 should是被省略了的。在這種情況下，如果 if省略，動詞 be與主語的位置要倒裝。

⑴ If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. （任何人犯罪，法院有權(quán)起訴。 ）

Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.

⑵ Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. （不管她是對還是錯，我都會支持她的。 ）

Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.

⑶ ____ ,I will take her as my wife.

[A]Were she rich or poor

[B]Being rich or poor

[C]Be she poor or rich

[D]Whether is she poor or rich

注意：有時虛擬條件句并沒來 if 從句表示出來，而是用介詞短語 （otherwise, or, without, but for）、上下文或其它方式來表示。

⑴、 We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.

⑵、 Without you help, I wouldn't have achieved so much.

⑶、 But for your help, I would not have succeeded.

有時虛擬條件句的從句或主句都可以省略其中一個：

1. I could help you. （只有主句 ）

2. If I had time. （只有從句 ）

3. She should have come to the meeting. （只有主句 ）

4. If he had much more money. （只有從句 ）